[Use of video laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patient with oral cavity mass: case report]. / Uso de videolaringoscópio para intubação traqueal em paciente com massa tumoral na cavidade oral: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: When planning the management of a predicted difficult airway, it is important to determine which strategy will be followed. Video laryngoscopy is a major option in scenarios with factors suggesting difficult airway access. It is also indicated in rescue situations, when there is tracheal intubation failure with direct laryngoscopy. The objective of the present report was to show the efficacy of using the video laryngoscope as the first device for a patient with a large tumor that occupied almost the entire anterior portion of the oral cavity. CASE REPORT: 85 year-old male patient, 162 cm, 70 kg, physical status ASA II, Mallampati IV classification, was scheduled for resection of an angiosarcoma located in the right maxillary sinus that invaded much of the hard palate and the upper portion of the oropharynx. He was conscious and oriented, with normal blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates and, despite the large tumor in the oral cavity; he showed no signs of respiratory failure or airway obstruction. After intravenous cannulation and monitoring, sedation was performed with 1mg of intravenous midazolam, and a nasal cannula was placed to provide oxygen, with a flow of 2 L.min-1. Then, the target-controlled infusion of remifentanil with an effect site concentration of 2 ng.mL-1 was initiated, according to Minto's pharmacokinetic model. Ventilation was maintained spontaneously during airway handling. A trans cricothyroid block was performed, with 8 mL of 1% lidocaine solution injected into the tracheal lumen. Slight bleeding did not prevent the use of an optical method for performing tracheal intubation. The entire oral cavity was sprayed with 1% lidocaine. The McGraph video laryngoscope with the difficult intubation blade was used, and an armored tube with a guide wire inside was used for tracheal intubation, performed on the first attempt with appropriate glottis visualization. CONCLUSION: The video laryngoscope occupies a prominent position in cases in which access to the airway is difficult. In the present case it was useful. It can be used as first choice or as a rescue technique. The video laryngoscope is an appropriate alternative and should be available for facing the ever-challenging difficult airway patient.

Use of video laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patient with oral cavity mass: case report / Uso de videolaringoscópio para intubação traqueal em paciente com massa tumoral na cavidade oral: relato de caso

Abstract Background and objectives When planning the management of a predicted difficult airway, it is important to determine which strategy will be followed. Video laryngoscopy is a major option in scenarios with factors suggesting difficult airway access. It is also indicated in rescue situations, when there is tracheal intubation failure with direct laryngoscopy. The objective of the present report was to show the efficacy of using the video laryngoscope as the first device for a patient with a large tumor that occupied almost the entire anterior portion of the oral cavity. Case report An 85 year-old male patient, 162 cm, 70 kg, ASA Physical Status II, Mallampati IV classification, was scheduled for resection of an angiosarcoma located in the right maxillary sinus that invaded much of the hard palate and the upper portion of the oropharynx. He was conscious and oriented, with normal blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates and, despite the large tumor in the oral cavity, he showed no signs of respiratory failure or airway obstruction. After intravenous cannulation and monitoring, sedation was performed with 1 mg of intravenous midazolam, and a nasal cannula was placed to provide oxygen, with a flow of 2 L min−1. Then, the target-controlled infusion of remifentanil with an effect site concentration of 2 ng mL−1 was initiated, according to Minto's pharmacokinetic model. Ventilation was maintained spontaneously during airway handling. A trans-cricothyroid block was performed, with 8 mL of 1% lidocaine solution injected into the tracheal lumen. Slight bleeding did not prevent the use of an optical method for performing tracheal intubation. The entire oral cavity was sprayed with 1% lidocaine. The McGraph video laryngoscope with the difficult intubation blade was used, and an armored tube with a guide wire inside was used for tracheal intubation, performed on the first attempt with appropriate glottis visualization. Conclusion The video laryngoscope occupies a prominent position in cases in which access to the airway is difficult. In the present case it was useful. It can be used as first choice or as a rescue technique. The video laryngoscope is an appropriate alternative and should be available for facing the ever-challenging difficult airway patient.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos No planejamento da abordagem a uma via aérea difícil prevista, é importante determinar qual será a estratégia a ser seguida. A videolaringoscopia é uma ótima opção em situações em que existam fatores indicadores de dificuldade de acesso à via aérea. Também é indicada em situações de resgate, quando houve insucesso na tentativa de intubação com a laringoscopia direta. O objetivo deste relato é mostrar a eficácia da utilização do videolaringoscópio como primeiro dispositivo diante de paciente com grande tumor que ocupava quase a totalidade da porção anterior da cavidade oral. Relato do caso Paciente com 85 anos, sexo masculino, 162 cm, 70 kg, estado físico ASA II, classificação de Mallampati IV, foi escalado para a ressecção de um angiossarcoma localizado no seio maxilar direito que invadia grande parte do palato duro e da porção superior da orofaringe. Apresentava-se lúcido, consciente e orientado, com valores de pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca e respiratória normais e, apesar do grande tumor na cavidade oral, não apresentava qualquer sinal de insuficiência respiratória ou de obstrução das vias aéreas. Após venóclise, foi feita monitorização e sedação com 1 mg de midazolam, por via venosa, e colocado cateter nasal para administração de oxigênio, com fluxo de 2 L.min-1. Em seguida, foi iniciada a infusão alvo-controlada de remifentanil com concentração efeito de 2 ng.mL-1 segundo o modelo farmacocinético de Minto. A ventilação foi mantida em espontânea durante a manipulação da via aérea. Foi realizado bloqueio transcricotireóideo, sendo injetados 8 mL de solução de lidocaína a 1% na luz traqueal. Um pequeno sangramento não impediu que um método óptico fosse utilizado para realizar a intubação traqueal. Toda a cavidade oral recebeu o spray de lidocaína tópica a 1%. Foi utilizado o videolaringoscópio McGraph com a lâmina de intubação difícil, e um tubo aramado com fio guia no seu interior, foi utilizado para a intubação traqueal, que foi realizada na primeira tentativa, com boa visualização da glote. Conclusão O videolaringoscópio ocupa uma posição de destaque nos casos em que o acesso à via aérea é difícil. No presente caso, a sua utilização foi útil. Ele pode ser utilizado como primeira opção ou como técnica de resgate. Nas condições sempre preocupantes diante de um paciente com via aérea difícil, o videolaringoscópio deve estar disponível, constituindo-se uma boa opção.

Efficacy of Continuous S(+)-Ketamine Infusion for Postoperative Pain Control: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Aim. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of continuous intraoperative infusion of S(+)-ketamine under intravenous anesthesia with target-controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol for postoperative pain control. Methods. Forty-eight patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were assigned to receive continuous S(+)-ketamine infusion at a rate of 0.3 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1) (n = 24, intervention group) or an equivalent volume of saline at the same rate (n = 24, placebo group). The same target-controlled intravenous anesthesia was induced in both groups. Pain was assessed using a 0 to 10 verbal numeric rating scale during the first 12 postoperative hours. Pain scores and morphine consumption were recorded in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and at 4 and 12 hours after surgery. Results. Pain scores were lower in the intervention group at all time points. Morphine consumption did not differ significantly between groups during PACU stay, but it was significantly lower in the intervention group at each time point after PACU discharge (P = 0.0061). At 12 hours after surgery, cumulative morphine consumption was also lower in the intervention group (5.200 ± 2.707) than in the placebo group (7.525 ± 1.872). Conclusions. Continuous S(+)-ketamine infusion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy under target-controlled intravenous anesthesia provided better postoperative pain control than placebo, reducing morphine requirement. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02421913.

Comparative study between fast and slow induction of propofol given by target-controlled infusion: expected propofol concentration at the effect site. Randomized controlled trial / Estudo comparativo entre indução rápida e lenta de propofol em infusão alvo-controlada: concentração de propofol prevista no local de ação. Ensaio clínico aleatório / Estudio comparativo entre inducción rápida y lenta de propofol en infusión objetivo-controlada: concentración de propofol prevista en la región de acción. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that the rate of propofol infusion may influence the predicted propofol concentration at the effect site (Es). The aim of this study was to evaluate the Es predicted by the Marsh pharmacokinetic model (ke0 0.26 min-1) in loss of consciousness during fast or slow induction. METHOD: The study included 28 patients randomly divided into two equal groups. In slow induction group (S), target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol with plasma, Marsh pharmacokinetic model (ke0 0.26 min-1) with target concentration (Tc) at 2.0-µg mL-1 were administered. When the predicted propofol concentration at the effect site (Es) reached half of Es value, Es was increased to previous Es + 1 µg mL-1, successively, until loss of consciousness. In rapid induction group (R), patients were induced with TCI of propofol with plasma (6.0 µg mL-1) at effect site, and waited until loss of consciousness. RESULTS: In rapid induction group, Tc for loss of consciousness was significantly lower compared to slow induction group (1.67 ± 0.76 and 2.50 ± 0.56 µg mL-1, respectively, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The predicted propofol concentration at the effect site for loss of consciousness is different for rapid induction and slow induction, even with the same pharmacokinetic model of propofol and the same balance constant between plasma and effect site. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: estudos mostraram que a taxa de infusão de propofol pode influenciar na concentração prevista de propofol no local de ação (Ce). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a Ce prevista pelo modelo farmacocinético de Marsh (ke0 0,26 min-1) na perda da consciência durante indução rápida ou lenta. MÉTODO: participaram deste estudo 28 pacientes, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos iguais. No grupo indução lenta (L), foram induzidos com propofol em infusão alvo-controlada (IAC) plasmática, modelo farmacocinético de Marsh (ke0 0,26 min-1), com concentração alvo (Ca) em 2,0 µg.ml-1. Quando a concentração de propofol prevista no local de ação (Ce) atingia metade do valor da Ca, aumentava-se a Ca para Ca anterior + 1 µg.ml-1. Assim sucessivamente até o momento da perda da consciência do paciente. No grupo indução rápida (R), os pacientes foram induzidos com propofol em IAC plasmática com Ca em 6,0 µg.ml-1 e aguardava-se a perda da consciência do paciente. RESULTADOS: no grupo indução rápida, a Ce na perda da consciência foi significativamente mais baixa em relação ao grupo de indução lenta (1,67 ± 0,76 e 2,50 ± 0,56 µg.ml-1, respectivamente, p = 0,004). CONCLUSÃO: a concentração prevista de propofol no local de ação durante a perda da consciência é diferente numa indução rápida e numa indução lenta, até com o mesmo modelo farmacocinético de propofol e a mesma constante de equilíbrio entre o plasma e o local de ação. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Varios estudios han demostrado que la tasa de infusión del propofol puede influir en la concentración prevista de propofol en la región de acción (Ce). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la Ce prevista por el modelo farmacocinético de Marsh (ke0 0,26 min-1) en la pérdida de la consciencia durante inducción rápida o lenta. MÉTODO: Participaron en este estudio 28 pacientes, divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos iguales. En el grupo de inducción lenta, se administró una inducción de propofol en infusión objetivo-controlada plasmática, modelo farmacocinético de Marsh (ke0 0,26 min-1), con concentración objetivo (Ca) en 2µg/ml-1. Cuando la concentración de propofol prevista en la Ce alcanzaba la mitad del valor de la Ca, esta aumentaba a la Ca anterior +1 µg/ml-1. Así fue sucesivamente hasta el momento de la pérdida de la consciencia del paciente. En el grupo de inducción rápida, los pacientes recibieron inducción con propofol en infusión objetivo-controlada plasmática con Ca en 6 µg/ml-1 y se esperó hasta la pérdida de consciencia del paciente. RESULTADOS: En el grupo inducción rápida, la Ce en la pérdida de la consciencia fue significativamente más baja con relación al grupo de inducción lenta (1,67 ± 0,76 y 2,50 ± 0,56 µg/ml-1, respectivamente; p = 0,004). CONCLUSIÓN: La concentración prevista de propofol en la Ce durante la pérdida de la consciencia es diferente en una inducción rápida y en una inducción lenta, hasta con el mismo modelo farmacocinético de propofol y la misma constante de equilibrio entre el plasma y la región de acción. .

[Comparative study between fast and slow induction of propofol given by target-controlled infusion: expected propofol concentration at the effect site. Randomized controlled trial]. / Estudo comparativo entre indução rápida e lenta de propofol em infusão alvo-controlada: concentração de propofol prevista no local de ação. Ensaio clínico aleatório.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: studies have shown that rate of propofol infusion may influence the predicted propofol concentration at the effect site (Es). The aim of this study was to evaluate the Es predicted by the Marsh pharmacokinetic model (ke0 0.26min(-1)) in loss of consciousness during fast or slow induction. METHOD: the study included 28 patients randomly divided into two equal groups. In slow induction group (S), target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol with plasma, Marsh pharmacokinetic model (ke0 0.26min(-1)) with target concentration (Tc) at 2.0-µg.mL(-1) were administered. When the predicted propofol concentration at the effect site (Es) reached half of Es value, Es was increased to previous Es + 1µg.mL(-1), successively, until loss of consciousness. In rapid induction group (R), patients were induced with TCI of propofol with plasma (6.0µg.ml(-1)) at Es, and waited until loss of consciousness. RESULTS: in rapid induction group, Tc for loss of consciousness was significantly lower compared to slow induction group (1.67±0.76 and 2.50±0.56µg.mL(-1), respectively, p=0.004). CONCLUSION: the predicted propofol concentration at the effect site for loss of consciousness is different for rapid induction and slow induction, even with the same pharmacokinetic model of propofol and the same balance constant between plasma and effect site.

[Efficacy of intraoperative methadone and clonidine in pain control in the immediate postoperative period after the use of remifentanil]. / Eficácia do emprego da metadona ou da clonidina no intraoperatório para controle da dor pós-operatória imediata após uso de remifentanil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Due to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, remifentanil does not promote residual analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of methadone and clonidine in the control of postoperative pain of videolaparoscopic surgeries under total intravenous anesthesia with target-controlled remifentanil infusion. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients, ages 18 to 65 years, ASA I and II, of both genders, scheduled for laparoscopic surgeries, participated in this randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. After venipuncture, intravenous ketoprofen and dypirone were administered. Target-controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Before beginning the procedure, an intravenous solution containing 0.1 mg.kg-1 of methadone (methadone group), 2.0 (1/4)g.kg-1 of clonidine (clonidine group), or NS (placebo group) was administered. In the post-anesthetic care unit, postoperative pain was evaluated by the Verbal Numeric Scale (VNS). Absence of pain was defined as a score < 2, and pain as a score of > 3. RESULTS: The incidence of pain in the methadone group was significantly lower than in the clonidine and placebo groups (11, 21, and 23, respectively; p < 0.02). Significant differences in the incidence of pain in the placebo and clonidine groups were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone was more effective than clonidine in the control of postoperative pain in videolaparoscopic surgeries under total intravenous anesthesia with remifentanil; and using clonidine was not better than not using it.

Eficácia do emprego da metadona ou da clonidina no intraoperatório para controle da dor pós-operatória imediata após uso de remifentanil / Eficacia del empleo de la metadona o de la clonidina en el intraoperatorio para control del dolor postoperatorio inmediato después del uso de remifentanil / Efficacy of intraoperative methadone and clonidine in pain control in the immediate postoperative period after the use of remifentanil

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Por suas características farmacocinéticas, o remifentanil não promove efeito analgésico residual no pós-operatório imediato. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da metadona e da clonidina no controle da dor pós-operatória de intervenções cirúrgicas videolaparoscópicas sob anestesia venosa total com infusão alvo-controlada de remifentanil. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo aleatório, duplamente encoberto e placebo-controlado, 126 pacientes com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, ASA PS 1 e 2 de ambos os sexos, que estavam previamente programados para a realização de intervenções cirúrgicas laparoscópicas. Após venopunção, os pacientes receberam por via venosa cetoprofeno e dipirona. A indução e manutenção da anestesia foram realizadas com infusão alvo-controlada de remifentanil e propofol. Antes do início da operação, os pacientes recebiam por via venosa a solução contendo metadona 0,1 mg.kg-1 (grupo metadona), clonidina 2,0 »g.kg-1 (grupo clonidina) ou solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento (grupo placebo). Na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, a dor pós-operatória foi avaliada através da escala numérica verbal (ENV). Foi considerado paciente sem dor quando a ENV < 2 e paciente com dor quando > 3. RESULTADOS: A incidência de dor no grupo metadona foi significativamente menor em relação ao grupo clonidina e grupo placebo (11, 21 e 23, respectivamente; p < 0,02). Não houve diferença significativa na incidência de dor entre pacientes do grupo clonidina e placebo. CONCLUSÕES: Em relação ao controle da dor pós-operatória de intervenções cirúrgicas videolaparoscópicas sob anestesia venosa total com uso de remifentanil, o emprego da metadona foi mais eficaz que a clonidina; e usar clonidina não foi melhor que não usar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Due to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, remifentanil does not promote residual analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of methadone and clonidine in the control of postoperative pain of videolaparoscopic surgeries under total intravenous anesthesia with target-controlled remifentanil infusion. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients, ages 18 to 65 years, ASA I and II, of both genders, scheduled for laparoscopic surgeries, participated in this randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. After venipuncture, intravenous ketoprofen and dypirone were administered. Target-controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Before beginning the procedure, an intravenous solution containing 0.1 mg.kg-1 of methadone (methadone group), 2.0 »g.kg-1 of clonidine (clonidine group), or NS (placebo group) was administered. In the post-anesthetic care unit, postoperative pain was evaluated by the Verbal Numeric Scale (VNS). Absence of pain was defined as a score < 2, and pain as a score of > 3. RESULTS: The incidence of pain in the methadone group was significantly lower than in the clonidine and placebo groups (11, 21, and 23, respectively; p < 0.02). Significant differences in the incidence of pain in the placebo and clonidine groups were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone was more effective than clonidine in the control of postoperative pain in videolaparoscopic surgeries under total intravenous anesthesia with remifentanil; and using clonidine was not better than not using it.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El remifentanil, por sus características farmacocinéticas, no genera un efecto analgésico residual en el postoperatorio inmediato. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de la metadona y de la clonidina en el control del dolor postoperatorio de intervenciones quirúrgicas videolaparoscópicas bajo anestesia venosa total con infusión objeto controlada de remifentanil. MÉTODO: Participaron en este estudio aleatorio, doble ciego y placebo-controlado, 126 pacientes con una edad entre los 18 y los 65 años, ASA PS 1 y 2 de ambos sexos, que estaban previamente programados para la realización de las intervenciones quirúrgicas laparoscópicas. Después de la venopunción, los pacientes recibieron por vía venosa cetoprofeno y dipirona. La inducción y el mantenimiento de la anestesia fue realizada con infusión objeto controlada de remifentanil y propofol. Antes del inicio de la operación, los pacientes recibieron por vía venosa la solución conteniendo metadona 0,1 mg.kg-1 (grupo metadona), clonidina 2,0 »g.kg-1 (grupo clonidina) o solución fisiológica a 0,9 por ciento (grupo placebo). En la sala de recuperación postanestésica, el dolor postoperatorio se evaluó a través de la escala numérica verbal (ENV). Se tuvo en cuenta el paciente sin dolor cuando la ENV era < 2 y el paciente con dolor cuando había > 3. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de dolor en el grupo metadona fue significativamente menor con relación al grupo clonidina y al grupo placebo (11, 21 y 23, respectivamente; p < 0,02). No hubo diferencia significativa en la incidencia de dolor entre los pacientes del grupo clonidina y placebo. CONCLUSIONES: Con relación al control del dolor postoperatorio de intervenciones quirúrgicas videolaparoscópicas bajo anestesia venosa total con el uso de remifentanil, el empleo de la metadona fue más eficaz que la clonidina. Y usar clonidina no fue mejor que no usarla.

Phrenic nerve block after interscalene brachial plexus block: case report / Bloqueio do nervo frênico após realização de bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via interescalênica: relato de caso / A bloqueo del nervio frénico después de la realización de bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía interescalénica: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Bloqueio do nervo frênico é um evento adverso do bloqueio do plexo braquial; entretanto, na sua maioria, sem repercussões clínicas importantes. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso em que ocorreu bloqueio do nervo frênico, com comprometimento ventilatório, em paciente com insuficiência renal crônica submetido a instalação de fístula arteriovenosa extensa, sob bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via perivascular interescalênica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 50 anos, tabagista, portador de insuficiência renal crônica em regime de hemodiálise, hipertensão arterial, hepatite C, diabetes mellitus, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, a ser submetido à instalação de fístula arteriovenosa extensa no membro superior direito sob bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via interescalênica. O plexo braquial foi localizado com utilização do estimulador de nervo periférico. Foram injetados 35 mL de uma solução de anestésico local, constituída de uma mistura de lidocaína a 2 por cento com epinefrina a 1:200.000 e ropivacaína a 0,75 por cento em partes iguais. Ao final da injeção o paciente apresentava-se lúcido, porém com dispnéia e predomínio de incursão respiratória intercostal ipsilateral ao bloqueio. Não havia murmúrio vesicular na base do hemitórax direito. A SpO2 manteve-se em 95 por cento, com cateter nasal de oxigênio. Não foi necessária instalação de métodos de auxílio ventilatório invasivo. Radiografia do tórax revelou que o hemidiafragma direito ocupava o 5° espaço intercostal. O quadro clínico foi revertido em três horas. CONCLUSÕES: O caso mostrou que houve paralisia total do nervo frênico com sintomas respiratórios. Apesar de não ter sido necessária terapêutica invasiva para o tratamento, fica o alerta para a restrição da indicação da técnica nesses casos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Phrenic nerve block is a common adverse event of brachial plexus block. However, in most cases it does not have any important clinical repercussion. The objective of this work was to report a case with phrenic nerve block with respiratory repercussions in a patient with chronic renal failure who had an extensive arteriovenous fistula created under perivascular interscalene brachial plexus block. CASE REPORT: A 50-year old male patient, smoker, with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, hypertension, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was scheduled for creation of an arteriovenous fistula in the right upper limb under interscalene brachial plexus block. The brachial plexus was identified by a peripheral nerve stimulator. Thirty-five milliliter of a local anesthetic mixture containing equal parts of 2 percent lidocaine with epinephrine at 1:200.000 and 0.75 percent ropivacaine were injected. After the injection, the patient was alert and oriented, but developed dyspnea and predominance of intercostal respiration on the side of the blockade. Breath sounds were not present in the right base. SpO2 was maintained at 95 percent with oxygen through nasal cannula. Institution of invasive ventilatory support was not necessary. A chest X-ray showed the right hemidiaphragm on the 5th intecostal space. The patient returned to normal after three hours. CONCLUSION: In this case, the patient developed complete paralysis of the phrenic nerve with respiratory symptoms. Although invasive treatment was not necessary, it is necessary to alert anesthesiologists to restrict the indication of this technique.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo del nervio frénico es un evento adverso del bloqueo del plexo braquial, sin embargo, en su mayoría, sin repercusiones clínicas importantes. El objetivo de este relato fue presentar un caso en que ocurrió bloqueo del nervio frénico, con comprometimiento ventilatorio en paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica, sometido a la instalación de fístula arterio-venosa extensa, bajo bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía perivascular interescalénica. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 50 años, tabaquista, portador de insuficiencia renal crónica en régimen de hemodiálisis, hipertensión arterial, hepatitis C, diabetes melito, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, sometido a la instalación de fístula arterio-venosa extensa en el miembro superior derecho bajo bloqueo de plexo braquial por la vía interescalénica. El plexo braquial fue localizado con la utilización del estimulador de nervio periférico. Se inyectaron 35 mL de una solución de anestésico local constituida de una mezcla de lidocaína a 2 por ciento con epinefrina a 1:200.000 y ropivacaína a 0,75 por ciento en partes iguales. Al final de la inyección el paciente estaba lúcido, pero sin embargo con disnea y predominio de incursión respiratoria intercostal ipsilateral al bloqueo. No había murmullo vesicular en la base del hemitórax derecho. La SpO2 se mantuvo en un 95 por ciento, con catéter nasal de oxígeno. No fue necesaria la instalación de métodos de auxilio ventilatorio invasivo. La radiografía del tórax reveló que el hemidiafragma derecho ocupaba el 5° espacio intercostal. El cuadro clínico se revirtió en tres horas. CONCLUSIONES: El caso mostró que hubo parálisis total del nervio frénico con síntomas respiratorios. A pesar de no haber sido necesaria la terapéutica invasiva para el tratamiento, queda el aviso aquí para la restricción de la indicación de la técnica en esos casos.

Phrenic nerve block after interscalene brachial plexus block. Case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Phrenic nerve block is a common adverse event of brachial plexus block. However, in most cases it does not have any important clinical repercussion. The objective of this work was to report a case with phrenic nerve block with respiratory repercussions in a patient with chronic renal failure who had an extensive arteriovenous fistula created under perivascular interscalene brachial plexus block. CASE REPORT: A 50-year old male patient, smoker, with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, hypertension, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was scheduled for creation of an arteriovenous fistula in the right upper limb under interscalene brachial plexus block. The brachial plexus was identified by a peripheral nerve stimulator. Thirty-five milliliter of a local anesthetic mixture containing equal parts of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine at 1:200.000 and 0.75% ropivacaine were injected. After the injection, the patient was alert and oriented, but developed dyspnea and predominance of intercostal respiration on the side of the blockade. Breath sounds were not present in the right base. SpO2 was maintained at 95% with oxygen through nasal cannula. Institution of invasive ventilatory support was not necessary. A chest X-ray showed the right hemidiaphragm on the 5th intecostal space. The patient returned to normal after three hours. CONCLUSION: In this case, the patient developed complete paralysis of the phrenic nerve with respiratory symptoms. Although invasive treatment was not necessary, it is necessary to alert anesthesiologists to restrict the indication of this technique.

Bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico (S75-R25) a 0,5 por cento, bupivacaína racêmica a 0,5 por cento e lidocaína a 2 por cento no bloqueio do nervo facial pela técnica de O'Brien: estudo comparativo / 0.5 percent enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25), 0.5 percent racemic bupivacaine, and 2 percentlidocaine for facial nerve block by the O'Brien technique: a comparative study

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Mistura de enantiômeros da bupivacaína em diferentes formulações, S75-R25 ou S90-R10, foi proposta objetivando menor cardiotoxicidade e bloqueio motor satisfatório. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o tempo de instalação e o grau de bloqueio motor utilizando a bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico de 50 por ciento (S75-R25) a 0,5 por ciento, a bupivacaína racêmica a 0,5 por ciento e a lidocaína a 2 por ciento no bloqueio do nervo facial pela técnica de O'Brien. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 45 pacientes, com idade acima de 60 anos, programados para tratamento cirúrgico de catarata sob bloqueio retrobulbar, precedido pela acinesia de O'Brien. Os pacientes foram divididos de forma aleatória em três grupos de 15, de acordo com a solução anestésica empregada para o bloqueio do nervo facial: Grupo L (Lidocaína), Grupo B (Bupivacaína) e Grupo M (S75-R25). Foram injetados 3 mL da solução. Foram verificados o tempo de instalação e o grau do bloqueio motor (Graus 1, 2 e 3) aos 15 segundos após a injeção e, sucessivamente, a cada 15 segundos até completar 180 segundos. RESULTADOS: As manifestações iniciais do bloqueio foram mais rápidas (15s) no Grupo L do que nos Grupos B e M. Não houve diferença entre os Grupos B e M. Todos os pacientes do Grupo L apresentaram bloqueio motor Grau 3 em até 60 segundos, tempo menor do que aqueles observados nos Grupos B e M (120 e 135, respectivamente). Os grupos B e M tiveram comportamento semelhante ao longo do estudo, não havendo diferença estatística entre eles. Aos 180 segundos o bloqueio motor Grau 3 foi semelhante nos três grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A instalação do bloqueio motor e o grau máximo de bloqueio foram obtidos com mais rapidez com a lidocaína a 2 por ciento. O mesmo grau foi atingido pela bupivacaína racêmica e pela S75-R25, porém em tempo maior. Esses dois anestésicos apresentaram o mesmo comportamento com relação à latência e ao grau máximo do bloqueio motor, e ao término...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Mezcla de enantiómeros de la bupivacaína en diferentes formulaciones, S75-R25 o S90-R10, fueron propuestos objetivando una menor cardiotoxicidad y bloqueo motor satisfactorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el tiempo de instalación y el grado de bloqueo motor utilizando la bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50 por ciento (S75-R25) a 0,5 por ciento, la bupivacaína racémica a 0,5 por ciento y la lidocaína a 2 por ciento en el bloqueo del nervio facial por la técnica de O'Brien. MÉTODO: Participaron del estudio 45 pacientes, con edad por encima de los 60 años, programados para tratamiento quirúrgico de catarata bajo bloqueo retrobulbar, precedido por la acinesia de O'Brien. Los pacientes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de 15, de acuerdo con la solución anestésica empleada para el bloqueo del nervio facial: Grupo L (Lidocaína), Grupo B (Bupivacaína) y Grupo M (S75-R25). Fueron inyectados 3 mL de la solución. Fueron verificados el tiempo de instalación y el grado del bloqueo motor (Grados 1, 2 y 3) a los 15 segundos después de la inyección y sucesivamente a cada 15 segundos hasta completar los 180 segundos. RESULTADOS: Las manifestaciones iniciales del bloqueo fueron más rápidas (15 s) en el Grupo L que en los Grupos B y M. No hubo diferencia entre los Grupos B y M. Todos los pacientes del Grupo L presentaron bloqueo motor Grado 3 en hasta 60 segundos, tiempo menor que aquellos observados en los Grupos B y M (120 y 135, respectivamente). Los grupos B y M tuvieron un comportamiento semejante a lo largo del estudio, no habiendo diferencia estadística entre ellos. A los 180 segundos el bloqueo motor Grado 3 fue semejante en los 3 Grupos. CONCLUSIONES: La instalación del bloqueo motor y el grado máximo de bloqueo se obtuvieron más rápidamente con la lidocaína a 2 por ciento. El mismo grado se alcanzó por la bupivacaína racémica y por la S75-R25, pero sin embargo en tiempo mayor. Esos de los...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enantiomeric mixtures of bupivacaine in different formulations, S75-R25 or S90-R10, were proposed aiming at reducing the cardiotoxicity and with a satisfactory motor blockade. The aim of this study was to compare the length of time until the appearance of the motor blockade and its degree using 50 percent enantiomeric excess 0.5 percent bupivacaine (S75-R25), 0.5 percent racemic bupivacaine, and 2 percent lidocaine for facial nerve block by the O'Brien technique. METHODS: Forty-five patients, over 60 years old, scheduled for the surgical treatment of cataracts under retrobulbar block preceded by O'Brien paralysis participated in this study. Patients were randomly divided in three groups of 15 patients, according to the anesthetic used for the facial nerve block: Group L (Lidocaine), Group B (Bupivacaine), and Group M (S75-R25). Three milliliters of the solution were administered. The length of time for motor blockade to become apparent and the degree of the motor block (Grades 1, 2, and 3) were evaluated 15 seconds after the injection and every 15 seconds until it reached 180 seconds. RESULTS: The initial manifestations of the blockade were faster (15 s) in Group L. There were no differences between Groups B and M. Every patient in Group L showed Grade 3 motor block in up to 60 seconds, which was faster than Groups B and M (120 and 135 seconds, respectively). Groups B and M had similar behavior during the study, without any statistically significant difference. At 180 seconds, the incidence of Grade 3 motor block was similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The beginning of the motor blockade and its maximal degree were achieved faster with 2 percent lidocaine. The same degree was achieved by racemic bupivacaine and S75-R25, but it took longer. These two anesthetics showed the same behavior regarding the latency and the maximal degree of motor block, but at the end of 180 seconds there were no differences in the...

[0.5% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25), 0.5% racemic bupivacaine, and 2%lidocaine for facial nerve block by the O'Brien technique: a comparative study.]. / Bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico (S75-R25) a 0,5%, bupivacaína racêmica a 0,5% e lidocaína a 2% no bloqueio do nervo facial pela técnica de O'Brien: estudo comparativo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enantiomeric mixtures of bupivacaine in different formulations, S75-R25 or S90-R10, were proposed aiming at reducing the cardiotoxicity and with a satisfactory motor blockade. The aim of this study was to compare the length of time until the appearance of the motor blockade and its degree using 50% enantiomeric excess 0.5% bupivacaine (S75-R25), 0.5% racemic bupivacaine, and 2% lidocaine for facial nerve block by the O'Brien technique. METHODS: Forty-five patients, over 60 years old, scheduled for the surgical treatment of cataracts under retrobulbar block preceded by O'Brien paralysis participated in this study. Patients were randomly divided in three groups of 15 patients, according to the anesthetic used for the facial nerve block: Group L (Lidocaine), Group B (Bupivacaine), and Group M (S75-R25). Three milliliters of the solution were administered. The length of time for motor blockade to become apparent and the degree of the motor block (Grades 1, 2, and 3) were evaluated 15 seconds after the injection and every 15 seconds until it reached 180 seconds. RESULTS: The initial manifestations of the blockade were faster (15 s) in Group L. There were no differences between Groups B and M. Every patient in Group L showed Grade 3 motor block in up to 60 seconds, which was faster than Groups B and M (120 and 135 seconds, respectively). Groups B and M had similar behavior during the study, without any statistically significant difference. At 180 seconds, the incidence of Grade 3 motor block was similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The beginning of the motor blockade and its maximal degree were achieved faster with 2% lidocaine. The same degree was achieved by racemic bupivacaine and S75-R25, but it took longer. These two anesthetics showed the same behavior regarding the latency and the maximal degree of motor block, but at the end of 180 seconds there were no differences in the intensity of the blockade among the three groups.

Abscesso peridural após analgesia controlada pelo paciente por via peridural: relato de caso / Epidural abscess after patient-controlled epidural analgesia: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A analgesia peridural é freqüentemente utilizada para o controle da dor pós-operatória ou para tratamento da dor crônica em pacientes oncológicos. No entanto, não está isenta de complicações. Neste caso, relatamos a ocorrência de abscesso peridural em paciente jovem, hígida, que foi submetida a analgesia peridural em bomba de infusão controlada pela paciente, que apresentou abscesso peridural, sendo necessária descompressão cirúrgica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos, 56 kg, 1,65 m, estado físico ASA I, com história de lombalgia e dificuldade de flexão da coxa esquerda, foi submetida à cirurgia para liberação da musculatura posterior do quadril. Três dias após a alta hospitalar retornou ao hospital queixando-se de dor no local da incisão cirúrgica e durante a realização dos exercícios fisioterápicos. Foi internada e programada analgesia controlada pelo paciente (ACP) por via peridural, para possibilitar o tratamento fisioterápico. No centro cirúrgico foi feita sedação por via venosa com midazolam (2,5 mg) e fentanil (25 µg), anti-sepsia da pele e realizada punção peridural no espaço L3-L4. Após dose teste foram injetados ropivacaína a 0,75 por cento (75 mg) e fentanil (100 µg) e passado cateter peridural em sentido cefálico, sem intercorrências. Foi instalada bomba de ACP contendo solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento (85 ml), bupivacaína a 0,5 por cento (25 mg) e fentanil (500 µg), programada com fluxo constante de 4 ml.h-1 e bolus de 2 ml a cada 20 minutos. No 3º dia a paciente relatou incômodo no local da inserção do cateter, sendo o mesmo retirado. Havia discreta hiperemia no local. Após vinte e dois dias, a paciente retornou ao hospital com dor de grande intensidade na região lombossacra com irradiação para os membros inferiores e limitação dos movimentos. Não havia deficit neurológico ou sinais flogísticos no local da punção ou na ferida operatória. Foi feita hipótese de abscesso peridural e a ressonância nucle...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidural analgesia is often used to control postoperative pain or to manage chronic pain in oncologic patients. However, it is not free from complications. This case reports a young healthy female patient submitted to epidural analgesia in patient-controlled infusion pump, which developed epidural abscess requiring surgical decompression. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 24 years of age, 56 kg, 1.65 m, physical status ASA I, with history of low back pain and difficulty to bend left thigh, submitted to posterior hip muscles surgical release. Three days after hospital discharge, patient returned referring pain at surgical incision site and during physical therapy. Patient was admitted to hospital and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCA) was prescribed to allow physical therapy. Patient was sedated in the operating room with intravenous midazolam (2.5 mg) and fentanyl (25 µg), skin was disinfected and epidural puncture was performed at L3-L4 interspace. After the test dose, 0.75% ropivacaine (75 mg) and fentanyl (100 µg) were injected and an epidural catheter was inserted in the cephalad direction without intercurrences. PCA pump containing 0.9% saline solution (85 ml), 0.5% bupivacaine (25 mg) and fentanyl (500 µg) was installed, with constant 4 ml.h-1 flow and 2 ml bolus at 20-minute intervals. In the 3rd day, patient referred discomfort at catheter insertion site and catheter was removed. There was mild local hyperemia. Twenty-two days later patient returned to hospital with severe lumbosacral movement-limiting pain irradiating to lower limbs. There were no neurological deficits or flogistic signs at puncture site or surgical wound...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La analgesia peridural frecuentemente es utilizada para el control del dolor pos-operatorio o para tratamiento del dolor crónico en pacientes oncológicos. No obstante no está exenta de complicaciones. En este caso, relatamos la ocurrencia de absceso peridural en una joven paciente, hígida, que fue sometida a analgesia peridural en bomba de infusión controlada por la paciente, que presentó absceso peridural, siendo necesaria descompresión quirúrgica. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente de sexo femenino, 24 años, 56 kg, 1,65 m, estado físico ASA I, con historia de lombalgia y dificultad de flexión del muslo izquierdo, fue sometida a cirugía para liberación de la musculatura posterior del cuadril o anca. Tres días después del alta hospitalar retornó al hospital quejándose de dolor en el local de la incisión quirúrgica y durante la realización de los ejercicios fisioterápicos. Fue internada y programada analgesia controlada por la paciente (ACP) por vía peridural, para posibilitar el tratamiento fisioterápico. En el centro quirúrgico fue hecha sedación por vía venosa con midazolam (2,5 mg) y fentanil (25 µg), anti-sepsia de la piel y realizada punción peridural en el espacio L3-L4. Después de la dosis test fueron inyectados ropivacaína a 0,75% (75 mg) y fentanil (100 µg) y pasado catéter peridural en sentido cefálico, sin interocurrencias. Fue instalada bomba de ACP conteniendo solución fisiológica a 0,9% (85 ml), bupivacaína a 0,5% (25 mg) y fentanil (500 µg), programada con flujo constante de 4 ml.h-1 y bolus de 2 ml a cada 20 minutos. En el 3º día la paciente relató incómodo en el local de la inserción del catéter, siendo el mismo retirado. Había discreta hiperemia local. Después de veintidós días, la paciente retornó al hospital con dolor de grande intensidad en la región sacrolumbar con irradiación para los miembros inferiores y limitación de los movimientos...

Epidural abscess after patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidural analgesia is often used to control postoperative pain or to manage chronic pain in oncologic patients. However, it is not free from complications. This case reports a young healthy female patient submitted to epidural analgesia in patient-controlled infusion pump, which developed epidural abscess requiring surgical decompression. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 24 years of age, 56 kg, 1.65 m, physical status ASA I, with history of low back pain and difficulty to bend left thigh, submitted to posterior hip muscles surgical release. Three days after hospital discharge, patient returned referring pain at surgical incision site and during physical therapy. Patient was admitted to hospital and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCA) was prescribed to allow physical therapy. Patient was sedated in the operating room with intravenous midazolam (2.5 mg) and fentanyl (25 microg), skin was disinfected and epidural puncture was performed at L3-L4 interspace. After the test dose, 0.75% ropivacaine (75 mg) and fentanyl (100 microg) were injected and an epidural catheter was inserted in the cephalad direction without intercurrences. PCA pump containing 0.9% saline solution (85 ml), 0.5% bupivacaine (25 mg) and fentanyl (500 microg) was installed, with constant 4 ml h(-1) flow and 2 ml bolus at 20-minute intervals. In the 3rd day, patient referred discomfort at catheter insertion site and catheter was removed. There was mild local hyperemia. Twenty-two days later patient returned to hospital with severe lumbosacral movement-limiting pain irradiating to lower limbs. There were no neurological deficits or flogistic signs at puncture site or surgical wound. The hypothesis was epidural abscess confirmed by MRI at L3-L4 (2 x 3 cm). After laminectomy, material culture has revealed staphylococcus aureus. Patient evolved well without neurological sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia often used to control postoperative or chronic pain, although very effective, is not free from severe, although rare complications, such as epidural abscess.